Allelic disorders caused by mutations in TRPV4

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods, kits, and compositions for detecting mutations in transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4 (TRPV4). In particular, mutations are detected in TRPV4 to detect diseases such as scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy (SPSMA) and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type IIC (HMSN IIC) or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2C (CMT2C).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/974,209, filed Dec. 21, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,394,589,which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 61/288,710 filedDec. 21, 2009, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under Grant No. NS050641awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certainrights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods, kits, and compositions fordetecting mutations in transient receptor potential cation channel,subfamily V, member 4 (TRPV4). In particular, mutations are detected inTRPV4 to detect diseases such as scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy(SPSMA) and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type IIC (HMSN IIC)or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2C (CMT2C).

BACKGROUND

Scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy (SPSMA) and hereditary motor andsensory neuropathy type IIC (HMSN IIC) or Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseasetype 2C (CMT2C) are phenotypically heterogeneous disorders involvingtopographically distinct nerves and muscles. Scapuloperoneal syndromescan resemble facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSH) due toscapular weakness or HMSN (or CMT) due to atrophy of peroneal muscles.In a large New England kindred of French-Canadian origin, Delong andSiddique identified 20 individuals in five generations affected with aneurogenic scapuloperoneal amyotrophy (DeLong and Siddique, 1992; hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety). The disease is transmittedas an autosomal dominant trait and is characterized by congenitalabsence of muscles, developmental abnormalities of the bones,progressive scapuloperoneal atrophy and weakness, and laryngeal palsyeventually requiring permanent tracheostomy. On account of the distincttopographical distribution of muscle weakness and atrophy, it wasconsidered a form of scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy (SPSMA)(DeLong and Siddique, 1992; herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety). Using genetic linkage analysis of this kindred, Isozumi etal. and mapped the SPSMA locus to chromosome 12q24.1-q24.31 within a 14Mb interval between D12S338 and D12S366, with a two-point lod score of6.67 and multipoint lod scores of 7.38 (Isozumi et al., 1996; hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety).

HMSN or CMT is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy. Itincludes a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous hereditaryneuropathies that share clinical characteristics of progressive distalmuscle weakness and atrophy, foot deformities, distal sensory loss, anddepressed or absent tendon reflexes. It can be categorized according toits clinical, electrophysiological or pathological features,transmission patterns, age of disease onset, and molecular pathology. Itmay appear as HMSN if muscle weakness is predominant with mild sensorydeficits; distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) if the motor deficitis dominant; and hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN) or hereditarysensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) if sensory deficits and/orautonomic dysfunctions predominate (Dyck et al., 1993; Barisic et al.,2008; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). HMSN or CMTis associated with more than 30 loci and at least 20 causative genes(see web sites for molgen.ua.ac.be/CMTMutations/; andneuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/time/hmsn.html; herein incorporated byreference in their entireties). Two kindreds were described with anautosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by a variable degreeof muscle weakness of limbs, vocal cords, and intercostal muscles and byasymptomatic sensory impairment in some cases (Dyck et al., 1994; hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety). Life expectancy in thepatients was shortened because of respiratory failure or complications.Because nerve conduction velocities were normal and the disorderrepresented an inherited axonal neuropathy, this condition wasclassified as a form of HMSN type II. Linkage analysis using the largeKinship 1, an American kindred of English and Scottish descent, excludedthe loci of CMT1A (HMSN IA) and the CMT1B (HMSN IB) in this pedigree(Dyck et al., 1994; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).This new form of autosomal dominant HMSN was assigned as HMSN IIC orCMT2C. The relationship of Kinship 1 was reexamined and 5 additionalaffected members were identified (Klein et al., 2003; hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety). Using a genome wide scanapproach and linkage analysis, it was established the locus of the HMSNIIC, or CMT2C to a 5.7 Mb region between D12S105 and D12S1330, with alod score of 5.17 (Klein et al., 2003; herein incorporated by referencein its entirety). Subsequently, the CMT2C locus was further refined to a4 Mb region between S12S105 and S12S1340, with a combined lod score of2.1 using two relatively small families (McEntagart et al., 2005; hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety).

The diagnosis of SPSMA and CMT2C is made qualitatively based on anassessment of clinical, electrophysiological and/or pathologicalfeatures, transmission patterns, and age of a disease onset. What isneeded is a molecular genetics tool available for a definitivediagnosis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of detectinga disease by detecting mutations in TRPV4, wherein said disease isselected from: scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy (SPSMA) andhereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type IIC (HMSN IIC) orCharcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2C (CMT2C).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of detectinga disease in a subject by detecting mutations in TRPV4, wherein thedisease is a TRPV4 peripheral neuropathy and bony displasia. In someembodiments, the TRPV4 peripheral neuropathy and bony displasia isselected from: scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy and hereditarymotor and sensory neuropathy type IIC or Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseasetype 2C. In some embodiments, the mutations in TRPV4 are selected fromTRPV4-R269H and TRPV4-R316C. In some embodiments, the subject isasymptomatic. In some embodiments, the subject displays symptomsindicative of one or more types of TRPV4 peripheral neuropathy and bonydysplasia. In some embodiments, the mutations in TRPV4 are detected byexposing a subject sample to a detection reagent, and detecting thepresence of mutations in TRPV4 in the sample.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods foridentifying a subject as a carrier of TRPV4 peripheral neuropathy andbony displasia, comprising detecting the presence of mutations in TRPV4in a sample from the subject. In some embodiments, the mutations inTRPV4 are detected by exposing a sample from the subject to a detectionreagent, and detecting the presence of mutations in TRPV4 in the sample.In some embodiments, the TRPV4 peripheral neuropathy and bony displasiais selected from: scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy and hereditarymotor and sensory neuropathy type IIC or Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseasetype 2C. In some embodiments, the mutations in TRPV4 are selected fromTRPV4-R269H and TRPV4-R316C. In some embodiments, the subject isasymptomatic. In some embodiments, the subject will not develop TRPV4peripheral neuropathy and bony dysplasia, but is capable of passing iton to offspring.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method foridentifying compositions effective in treating or preventing TRPV4peripheral neuropathy and bony displasia, comprising: identifyingcompositions capable of inhibiting, suppressing, and/or replacing thelost effects of mutations in the TRPV4.

Embodiments of the present invention provide methods for treatmentand/or prevention of TRPV4-PNAB disorders (e.g. SPSMA, HMSN IIC, CMT2C,etc.) by targeting mutations in the TRPV4 gene or TRPV4, or thedownstream products thereof (e.g. proteins, pathways, etc.). In someembodiments, the present invention provides compositions for treatmentand/or prevention of TRPV4-PNAB disorders (e.g. SPSMA, HMSN IIC, CMT2C,etc.). In some embodiments, the present invention provides compositions(e.g. proteins (e.g. antibodies, replacement proteins, etc.), smallmolecules (e.g. pharmaceuticals), nucleic acids (e.g. siRNA, miRNA, genetherapy, etc.), etc.) that target mutations in the TRPV4 gene or TRPV4,or the downstream products thereof (e.g. proteins, pathways, etc.). Insome embodiments, the present invention provides compositions thatinhibit expression of mutant TRPV4 genes or suppress the function ofmutant TRPV4 or the downstream products thereof (e.g. proteins,pathways, etc.). In some embodiments, the present invention providescompositions that replace the aberrant function of mutant TRPV4 genes orTRPV4, or downstream products thereof (e.g. proteins, pathways, etc.).

Embodiments of the present invention provide compositions, methods, andassays for screening therapeutics (e.g. proteins (e.g. antibodies,replacement proteins, etc.), small molecules (e.g. pharmaceuticals),nucleic acids (e.g. siRNA, miRNA, gene therapy, etc.), etc.) to treatand/or prevent TRPV4-PNAB disorders (e.g. SPSMA, HMSN IIC, CMT2C, etc.).In some embodiments, compositions are screened for effectiveness intreating and/or preventing TRPV4-PNAB disorders (e.g. SPSMA, HMSN IIC,CMT2C, etc.) based on their affinity to, suppression of, or replacementof mutant TRPV4 genes or TRPV4, or downstream products thereof (e.g.proteins, pathways, etc.).

The mutant TRPV4 genes and/or mutant TRPV4 of the present disclosure,including fragments, derivatives and analogs thereof, may be used asimmunogens to produce antibodies having use in the diagnostic,screening, research, and therapeutic methods. The antibodies may bepolyclonal or monoclonal, chimeric, humanized, single chain, Fv or Fabfragments. Various procedures known to those of ordinary skill in theart may be used for the production and labeling of such antibodies andfragments. See, e.g., Burns, ed., Immunochemical Protocols, 3^(rd) ed.,Humana Press (2005); Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988); Kozbor et al., Immunology Today 4:72 (1983); Köhler and Milstein, Nature 256: 495 (1975). Antibodies orfragments exploiting the differences between mutant TRPV4 genes ormutant TRPV4 and their wild-type counterparts are provided.

The present disclosure provides DNA, RNA and protein based diagnosticand screening methods that either directly or indirectly detect mutantTRPV4 genes or mutant TRPV4. The present disclosure also providescompositions and kits for diagnostic and screening purposes. In someembodiments, the diagnostic and screening methods may be qualitative orquantitative. In some embodiments, the diagnostic and screening methodsmay be conducted in vitro or in vivo. In some embodiments, thediagnostic and screening methods may comprise nucleic acid detectioninvolving, for example: DNA amplification (e.g. PCR), sequencing,hybridization techniques (e.g. In situ hybridization), etc. In someembodiments, the diagnostic and screening methods may comprise proteindetection involving, for example: protein sequencing, immunoassays(e.g., Western blot, ELISA, immunohistochemisty, etc.), flow cytometry,mass spectrometry, etc. In some embodiments, high through-put molecularscreening techniques are provided to identify compositions targetingmutant TRPV4 genes or mutant TRPV4. In some embodiments, detection ofmutant TRPV4 genes or mutant TRPV4 is provided by in vivo imagingtechniques, including but not limited to: radionuclide imaging; positronemission tomography (PET); computerized axial tomography, X-ray ormagnetic resonance imaging methods, fluorescence detection, andchemiluminescent detection.

The present disclosure contemplates the generation of transgenic animalscomprising mutant TRPV4 genes or mutants and variants thereof (e.g.,truncations or single nucleotide polymorphisms). In preferredembodiments, the transgenic animal displays an altered phenotype (e.g.,increased or decreased presence TRPV4-PNAB disorders) as compared towild-type or other mutant animals. Methods for analyzing the presence orabsence of such phenotypes are provided.

Any of these compositions, alone or in combination with othercompositions of the present disclosure, may be provided in the form of akit.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides compositionscomprising a nucleic acid detection assay configured to identify atleast one mutation is selected from TRPV4-R269H and TRPV4-R316C, whereinsaid nucleic acid detection assay comprises at least one oligonucleotide(e.g., primer, probe, INVADER oligo, etc.) and at least one enzyme(e.g., polymerase, kinase, FEN-1, etc.). Numerous types of nucleic aciddetection assays are known in the art as described below. In certainembodiments, the nucleic acid detection assay comprises a pair ofprimers configured to amplify a portion of TRPV4 that contains position269 and/or position 316. In other embodiments, the nucleic aciddetection assay further comprises a polymerase and a probe specific forthe TRPV4-R269H or TRPV4-R316C mutations.

The methods, systems, and compositions of the present invention may beemployed with any nucleic acid detection assay. For example, themethods, systems, and applications of the present invention may find usein detection assays that include, but are not limited to, enzymemismatch cleavage methods (e.g., Variagenics, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,110,684,5,958,692, 5,851,770, herein incorporated by reference in theirentireties); polymerase chain reaction; branched hybridization methods(e.g., Chiron, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,849,481, 5,710,264, 5,124,246, and5,624,802, herein incorporated by reference in their entireties);rolling circle replication (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,210,884, 6,183,960and 6,235,502, herein incorporated by reference in their entireties);NASBA (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,818, herein incorporated by referencein its entirety); molecular beacon technology (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,150,097, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety); E-sensortechnology (Motorola, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,248,229, 6,221,583, 6,013,170,and 6,063,573, herein incorporated by reference in their entireties);cycling probe technology (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,403,711, 5,011,769, and5,660,988, herein incorporated by reference in their entireties); DadeBehring signal amplification methods (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,121,001,6,110,677, 5,914,230, 5,882,867, and 5,792,614, herein incorporated byreference in their entireties); ligase chain reaction (Barnay Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci USA 88, 189-93 (1991)); FULL-VELOCITY assays; andsandwich hybridization methods (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,609, hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety); the INVADER assay (ThirdWave Technologies) and are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,717,5,985,557, 5,994,069, 6,001,567, and 6,090,543, as well as sequencingmethods (including so called next-generation sequencing methodologies).

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows images of pathology of a patient with SPSMA: (a)phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH) staining of muscle biopsyshowing severe muscle fiber type grouping and atrophy (arrow), (b) H&Estaining of muscle autopsy sample showing severe muscle fiber typegrouping and atrophy (arrow), (c) ATPase staining (pH 9.4) of muscleautopsy samples showing both small type 1 and type 2 fibers and fibertype grouping, and (d) Luxol fast blue/H&E staining of spinal cordsections showing a normal number of anterior horn cells (arepresentative motor neuron in the anterior horn is indicated by anarrow).

FIG. 2 shows mutations of the TRPV4 in SPSMA and CMT2C pedigrees. (a) Aheterozygous mutation, c.946C>T, resulting in R316C, was identified inexon 6 of the TRPV4 gene in the SPSMA family. Wild type (WT) sequence isshown in the lower panel (SEQ ID NO:1). (b) All the affected memberswhose DNA samples were available for sequencing analysis had the R316Cmutation. (c) A heterozygous mutation, c.806G>A, leading to R269H, inexon 5 of the TRPV4 gene was identified in the CMT2C family. Wild type(WT) sequence is shown in the lower panel. (d) All the affected memberswhose DNA samples were available for sequencing analysis had this R269Hmutation. (e) Evolutionary conservation of amino acids in the mutatedregion of TRPV4 in different species. Comparison of human (H. sapiens;SEQ ID NO:1) TRPV4 and its orthologues in dog (C. lupus familiaris; SEQID NO:2), cattle (B. taurus; SEQ ID NO:3), mouse (M. musculus; SEQ IDNO:4), rat (R. norvegicus; SEQ ID NO:5), chicken (G. gallus; SEQ IDNO:6) and zebrafish (D. rerio; SEQ ID NO:7). Amino acids identical tohuman TRPV4 are in black letters and non-identical ones are denoted inred letters. The positions of the C-terminal amino acids are shown onthe right. The mutated amino acids are indicated by arrows on the top.(+) indicates TRPV4 mutation and (−) indicates wild-type.

FIG. 3 shows images depicting localization of wild-type and mutant TRPV4on the plasma membrane. Confocal microscopy was performed using HEK293cells transfected with plasmids pIRES2-ZsGreen1 containing wtTRPV4(a-d), TRPV4R269H (e-h) or TRPV4R316C (i-l). Cells expressing exogenousTRPV4 were labeled by green fluorescent protein (GFP) (c, g and k).TRPV4 is shown by blue (a, e and i) and cadherin by red (b, f and j).Merged images are shown on the right panels (d, h and l). Arrowsindicate TRPV4 signals on the plasma membrane. Arrowheads indicaterepresentative cells without significant expression of GFP as well asTRPV4 (f and h).

FIG. 4 shows the graphs depicting the effect of mutations on TRPV4activity when stimulated with 4αPDD. Effect of stimulation with 4αPDD (2μM) on internal fluorescence ratio in WT-TRPV4 (a), R269H (b) and R316C(c) transfected HEK293 cells. (d) Application of 4αPDD induced anincrease in [Ca2+]i. Average increases, basal and maximum values aregiven.

FIG. 5 shows graphs depicting the effect of mutations on TRPV4 activitywhen stimulated with hypotonic solution (HTS). Effect of stimulationwith a hypotonic stimulus (HTS) (200 mOsm) on internal fluorescenceratio in WT-TRPV4 (a), R269H (b) and R316C (c) transfected HEK293 cells.(d) Application of HTS induced an increase in [Ca2+]i. Averageincreases, basal and maximum values are given.

FIG. 6 shows graphs depicting whole cell recordings of TRPV4 currentsfrom transfected HEK293 cells. (a, b) Voltage clamp recordings of thecurrents elicited by a slow voltage ramp (from −100 to 100 mV, 600 ms)in control condition (black traces) and in the presence of 20 μMruthenium red (red traces) in cells expressing wtTRPV4 (a) orTRPV4-R269H (b) channels. (c, d) Ruthenium red-sensitive current(obtained by digital subtraction) in cells expressing wtTRPV4 (c) andTRPV4-R269H (d). (e) Plot summarizing the amount of current (normalizedto capacitance) recorded at +100 mV in control conditions (black bars)and in the presence of ruthenium red (red bars) in cells expressing thewild type and mutated channels. (f) Plot summarizing the size of theruthenium red-sensitive current in cells expressing the two channeltypes. (g) The ruthenium red-sensitive current was transformed intoconductance. The conductance of TRPV4R269H expressing cells was ˜6 timeslarger (0.35±0.5 in wild type and 2.1±0.6 in the mutant, 9 and 6 cells,respectively).

FIG. 7 shows images of pathology of a patient with SPSMA: (a) Muscleautopsy samples showing extensive fatty replacement, increasedendomysial fibrosis, severe muscle type grouping and atrophy, markedvariability of fiber size, and many fibers with multiple internalnuclei, fiber splitting, and multiple nuclear bags. (b) Luxol fastblue/H&E staining of spinal cord sections from the autopsy samplerevealed a normal number of motor neurons in the motor cortex and spinalcord. The lateral corticospinal tracts were well preserved.

FIG. 8 shows the schematic model of TRPV4. The channel's core consistsof six α-helical transmembrane domains and a pore loop (PL) flanked byTM5 and TM6 in the C-terminal part. Six ankyrin-repeat domains that havebeen shown to be a common structural feature in TRPV family near theN-terminus are individually labeled (ARD1-6). Mutations identified inthe ARD-containing region are shown by red ovals.

FIG. 9 shows the graphs depicting the effect of mutations on TRPV4activity when stimulated with moderate heat. Effect of stimulation witha moderate thermal stimulus (37° C.) on internal fluorescence ratio inWT-TRPV4 (a), R269H (b) and R316C (c) transfected HEK293 cells. (d)Application of thermal stimulus induced an increase in [Ca²⁺]_(i).Average increases, basal and maximum values are given.

FIG. 10 shows graphs depicting the effect of mutations on TRPV4 activitywhen stimulated with arachidonic acid. Effect of stimulation witharachidonic acid (AA, 10 μM) on internal fluorescence ratio in WT-TRPV4(a), R269H (b) and R316C (c) transfected HEK293 cells. (d) Applicationof 10 μM AA induced an increase in [Ca²⁺]_(i). Average increases, basaland maximum values are given.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Experiments conducted during development of embodiments of the presentinvention demonstrate that mutations in the TRPV4 gene, for exampleTRPV4-R269H and/or TRPV4-R316C, cause the genetically inheritedTRPV4-PNAB disorders (e.g. SPSMA, HMSN IIC, CMT2C, etc.). The presentinvention provides methods, kits, and compositions for detectingmutations in transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V,member 4 (TRPV4). In particular, mutations are detected in TRPV4 todetect diseases such as scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy (SPSMA)and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type IIC (HMSN IIC) orCharcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2C (CMT2C). In some embodiments, thepresent invention provides method for detecting TRPV4-associatedperipheral neuropathy and bony dysplasia (TRPV4-PNAB). In someembodiments, TRPV4-PNAB comprises clinically distinct, but sometimesoverlapping phenotypes of diseases associated with TRPV4 mutations (e.g.SPSMA and HMSN IIC or CMT2C, etc.). In some embodiments, the presentinvention provides genetic testing to identify subjects as carriers ofone or more TRPV4-PNAB disorders. In some embodiments, the presentinvention provides screening of compounds (e.g. peptides, nucleic acids,small molecules, etc.) for the treatment and/or prevention of one ormore TRPV4-PNAB disorders. In some embodiments, the present inventionprovides compositions (e.g. peptides, nucleic acids, small molecules,etc.) and methods for the treatment and/or prevention of one or moreTRPV4-PNAB disorders.

Experiments conducted during the development of the present inventionidentified that mutations in TRPV4 are causes for both scapuloperonealspinal muscular atrophy (SPSMA) and hereditary motor and sensoryneuropathy type IIC (HMSN IIC) or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2C(CMT2C). Although the present invention is not limited to any particularmechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action isnot necessary to practice the present invention, functional analysisrevealed that an increased calcium channel activity in response to theagonist arachidonic acid is a distinct property of both SPSMA- andCMT2C-causing mutants. In some embodiments, the present inventionprovides genetic tools for diagnosis of SPSMA and CMT2C. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a pathophysiological basisfor design and/or selection of therapeutics targeting SPSMA and/orCMT2C.

SPSMA is characterized by progressive scapuloperoneal atrophy andweakness, laryngeal palsy, congenital absence of muscles, anddevelopmental abnormalities of the bones (DeLong & Siddique Arch Neurol49, 905-8 (1992); herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).Pathological studies of biopsy and autopsy samples from a SPSMA patientrevealed severe muscle fiber type grouping and atrophy (SEE FIG. 1 a-c),extensive fatty replacement, increased endomysial fibrosis, markedvariability of fiber size, and many fibers with multiple internalnuclei, fiber splitting, and multiple nuclear bags (SEE FIGS. 1 a-c and7 a). Both type 1 and type 2 fibers showed atrophy as demonstrated byATPase staining (SEE FIG. 1 c). These pathological changes wereparticularly severe in the gastrocnemius muscle. However, spinal cordsections revealed normal numbers of motor neurons in the motor cortexand spinal cord. There was no gliosis in the anterior horns. The lateralcorticospinal tracts were well preserved (SEE FIGS. 1 d, and 7 b). Thesefindings, together with previous clinical and neurophysiological datasupport a diagnosis of spinal neurogenic amyotrophy due to peripheralmotor neuropathy (DeLong & Siddique Arch Neurol 49, 905-8 (1992); hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety). The entire 4 Mb CMT2C regionis included in the 14 Mb SPSMA region, and SPSMA and CMT2C share anumber of common clinical features, including characteristic vocal cordparesis (DeLong & Siddique. Arch Neurol 49, 905-8 (1992); Dyck et al.Ann Neurol 35, 608-15 (1994); Isozumi et al. Hum Mol Genet 5, 1377-82(1996); Klein et al. Neurology 60, 1151-6 (2003); McEntagart et al. AnnNeurol 57, 293-7 (2005); herein incorporated by reference in theirentireties).

Experiments were conducted during development of embodiments of thepresent invention to determine whether SPSMA and CMT2C may be clinicalvariants of the same genetic entity. Experiments were conducted toexcluded mutations in HSPB8, which is linked to distal hereditary motorneuropathy type (dHMN) II 6 or CMT2L 7 near the CMT2C locus. This workalso excluded mutations in UBE3B, UBS30 and LIM homeobox 5 (LHX5), whichshares homology to UBE1 or FHL1, as mutations in UBE1 and FHL1 arelinked to infantile spinal muscular atrophy (Ramser et al. Am J HumGenet 82, 188-93 (2008); herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety) and scapuloperoneal myopathy (Quinzii et al. Am J Hum Genet82, 208-13 (2008); herein incorporated by reference in its entirety),respectively. A total of 62 genes were sequenced, including all the 56known and predicted genes in the minimum 4 Mb CMT2C region by using DNAsamples from SPSMA patients. A heterozygous mutation was identified inthe TRPV4 gene (Liedtke et al. Cell 103, 525-35 (2000); Strotmann et al.Nat Cell Biol 2, 695-702 (2000); Wissenbach et al. FEBS Lett 485, 127-34(2000); herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). The mutation,c.946C>T, occurs in exon 6 and presumably results in an amino acidsubstitution of arginine by cysteine at codon 316 (R316C) (SEE FIG. 2a). The R316C mutation co-segregated with the disease in the large SPSMApedigree (SEE FIG. 2 b). This mutation was not present in the SNPdatabase or in over 600 control samples. Other genetic variants wereeither polymorphisms and/or did not co-segregate with the disease. Thus,TRPV4-R316C is the only identified genetic defect in the encoding exonsof all the genes within the minimum region shared by both the SPSMA andCMT2C in the SPSMA family.

Genetic analysis of the TRPV4 gene was extended to the original CMT2Cfamily. Previous sequencing analysis of 45 genes in the CMT2C region hadnot revealed any pathogenic mutation. Analysis of the TRPV4 generevealed a heterozygous mutation, c.806G>A, leading to R269H, in exon 5of the TRPV4 gene in this large CMT2C pedigree (SEE FIG. 2 c). The R269Hmutation co-segregated with the disease in this family (SEE FIG. 2 d).This mutation was not present in the SNP database and was not detectedin over 700 control samples. Both the R316 and R269 residues of TRPV4are conserved amino acids among human, rat, mouse, chicken, sticklebackand zebra fish (SEE FIG. 2 e).

Both R269H and R316C mutations occur in the ankyrin repeat-containingregion of the cytoplasmic N-terminus, which usually mediatesprotein-protein interactions (SEE FIG. 8) (Jin et al. J Biol Chem 281,25006-10 (2006); Phelps et al. Biochemistry 47, 2476-84 (2008); hereinincorporated by reference in their entireties). TRPV4 splice variantsaffecting this region have shown defects in oligomerization, leading toaccumulation of TRPV4 monomers in the endoplasmic reticulum (Arniges etal. J Biol Chem 281, 1580-6 (2006); herein incorporated by reference intheir entireties). Since these variants are unable to be targeted to theplasma membrane, they are functionally inactive. To examine if themutants have defects in subcellular trafficking, the subcellulardistribution of the human wild-type TRPV4 (wtTRPV4) and mutant TRPV4with R269H (TRPV4R269H) or R316C (TRPV4R316C) mutation was analyzed intransiently transfected HEK293 cells. Exogenous TRPV4 was present on theplasma membrane. Both mutants had a similar pattern of subcellularlocalization to the wtTRPV4 in the transfected cells (SEE FIG. 3),indicating that these two mutations may not interfere with channelassembly and intracellular trafficking. This was supported by a cellsurface biotinylation assay, which did not show significant differencein the level of TRPV4 at the plasma membrane between the wild-type andmutants.

The TRPV4 channel responds to a variety of stimuli (Nilius et al.Physiol Rev 87, 165-217 (2007); herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety). To test the potential effects of the mutations on calciumchannel activity, the calcium channel activity of transientlytransfected HEK293 cells was analyzed using internal Fura-2 fluorescenceratio (340/380) as an indicator of the intracellular Ca2+ levels, whichdepend on Ca2+ influx. Calcium levels of the transfected cells wereexamined in response to various stimuli, including TRPV4-specificagonist 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4αPDD) (SEE FIG. 4), osmotic cellswelling (SEE FIG. 5), moderate heat (37° C.) (SEE FIG. 9) andendogenous agonist arachidonic acid (SEE FIG. 10). A consistent patternof channel response to different stimuli was observed. First, innon-stimulus conditions, both wild-type and mutants revealed increasedbasal intracellular calcium levels when compared to the non-transfectedcells. Second, the TRPV4 mutants displayed a significantly increasedbasal calcium levels over the wtTRPV4, suggesting an increasedconstitutive activity for the mutants. Finally, the maximum and netincrease in calcium levels in the mutant TRPV4 transfected cells weresignificantly higher than those in the cells transfected with thewtTRPV4, when activated by all the stimuli tested, indicating that themutations confer an increased channel activity (SEE FIGS. 4, 5, 9 and10). The increased calcium channel activity was inhibited by TRPVantagonist ruthenium red.

The effect of the CMT2C-linked mutation (TRPV4R269H) on theelectrophysiological properties of TRPV4 was examined. Whole-cellpatch-clamp recordings were obtained from transiently transfected HEK293cells. While non-transfected cells had only small basal currents thatdid not show TRPV4 rectification, cells transfected either with thewtTRPV4 or the TRPV4R269H mutant channel exhibited large, outwardrectifying basal currents (SEE FIGS. 6 a and 6 b). Addition of the TRPVblocker ruthenium red to the bath dramatically reduced the currents (SEEFIGS. 6 a and 6 b); the ruthenium red-sensitive component was thenobtained by offline digital subtraction (SEE FIGS. 6 c and 6 d). Thesedata show that most of the basal current in the transfected cells wasactually mediated by TRPV4 channels (SEE FIG. 6 e). Consistent with thecalcium imaging data, the ruthenium red-sensitive TRPV4 conductance waslarger in cells expressing the CMT2C-linked mutant compared to wtTRPV4(at 100 mV the normalized conductance of the ruthenium red-sensitivecomponent was 0.354±0.47 and 2.105±0.57 nS/pF for cells expressing thewild-type and mutated channels, respectively (SEE FIG. 6 g). Consistentwith previous findings (Wissenbach et al. FEBS Lett 485, 127-34 (2000);herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), it was also observedthat about half of the wild type (22/47) and mutant (15/27)TRPV4-transfected HEK293 cells did not show rectifying TRPV4 currents.

TRPV4 is a vanilloid receptor-related transient receptor potentialchannel, and plays an important role in neural signaling (Pedersen etal. Cell Calcium 38, 233-52 (2005); Liedtke. Ann NY Acad Sci 1144, 42-52(2008); herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). Twomissense mutations (R616Q and V620I) of TRPV4 have been identified in 2families with brachyolmia, and six missense mutations have been found inspondylometaphyseal dysplasia (SMD) Kozlowski type (SMDK), and twomissense mutations in metatropic dysplasia, respectively (Rock et al.Nat Genet 40, 999-1003 (2008); Krakow, D. et al. Am J Hum Genet 84,307-15 (2009); herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Thebrachyolmia, SMDK and metatropic dysplasia are autosomal dominantdysplasias of the bones with variable severity. Among eight skeletaldysplasia-linked mutations tested in vitro, seven had an increased basalcalcium channel activity, indicating that a “gain of function”mechanism, and an increase in calcium channel activity, underlies theskeletal dysplasias. Further indicating such a gain of functionmutations is the observation that overexpression of mouse wild-typeTRPV4 in zebra fish caused marked shortening and curvature of the axialskeleton (Wang, Y. et al. J Biol Chem 282, 36561-70 (2007); hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety).

Some patients in the SPSMA family also presented variable skeletalabnormalities in addition to neuromuscular phenotypes. The skeletalabnormalities include congenital hip dysplasia, scoliosis, smaller handswith clinodactyly, and one arm or leg shorter than the other.Identification of the TRPV4-R316C mutation in the SPSMA family indicatesthat the TRPV4-R316C share a common property with other skeletaldysplasia-linked mutants in triggering skeletal abnormalities, andanother distinct property with CMT2C-linked TRPV4-R269H in triggeringneuropathic phenotypes. Thus, indicating that the SPSMA-linkedTRPV4-R316C has two different properties that bridge these two clinicalydistinct groups of disorders, i.e. skeletal dysplasias and peripheralneuropathies.

Sensory impairment was shown in some cases with CMT2C, but was notobvious in most of the patients with SPSMA, except for reduced vibratorysense at 256 Hz in the feet in some SPSMA patients (DeLong & Siddique.Arch Neurol 49, 905-8 (1992); Dyck, P. J. et al. Ann Neurol 35, 608-15(1994); herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). However,experiments conducted during development of embodiments of the presentinvention demonstrates that mutations in the same gene can causedistinct phenotypes or a spectrum of related phenotypes as in CMT andhereditary motor neuropathy (HMN). For examples, mutations in the GARScan cause CMT2D and dHMN522; mutations in the HSPB1 lead to CMT2F anddHMN2B23; mutations in HSPB8 result in CMT2L7 and dHMN2A6. Thesephenomena suggest that other genetic and environmental factors maymodulate the phenotype.

TRPV4-R316C and TRPV4-R269H mutants have increased basal and maximumcalcium channel activities compared to the wtTRPV4. Although the presentinvention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and anunderstanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practicethe present invention, experiments conducted during development ofembodiments of the present invention indicate a “gain of function”,rather than a “loss of function” mechanism is related to peripheralneuropathies. This is supported by observations that mice lacking TRPV4do not show apparent neuromuscular abnormalities (Liedtke & Friedman.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100, 13698-703 (2003); Suzuki et al. J Biol Chem278, 22664-8 (2003); herein incorporated by reference in theirentireties). TRPV4 expression and/or function can be regulated by otherauxiliary proteins such as OS-9, WNK4, AQP5 and the AIP4 ubiquitin ligas(Wang, Y. et al. J Biol Chem 282, 36561-70 (2007); Fu et al. Am JPhysiol Renal Physiol 290, F1305-14 (2006); Liu, X. et al. J Biol Chem281, 15485-95 (2006); Sidhaye et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103, 4747-52(2006); Wegierski et al. EMBO J 25, 5659-69 (2006); herein incorporatedby reference in their entireties). It has been demonstrated that PACSIN3strongly inhibits the basal activity of TRPV4 and its activation by cellswelling and heat, but not by 4αPDD. Specific mutations of prolineresidues near the first ARD in the N-terminus of TRPV4 abolish bindingof PACSIN3 and render the channel insensitive to PACSIN3-inducedinhibition (D'Hoedt, D. et al. J Biol Chem 283, 6272-80 (2008); hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety). TRPV4 is widely expressed indiverse cells, but the TRPV4-R269H and TRPV4-R316C mutations prominentlyaffect axons of lower motor neurons.

Experimental

Patients and Samples.

This study has been approved by the local institutional review boards.DNA and other samples were taken after obtaining written informedconsent. This study included a large New England family ofFrench-Canadian origin with SPSMA and an American family of English andScottish descent with CMT2C described previously.

Genetic Analysis.

Genomic DNA was extracted from whole peripheral blood, transformedlymphoblastoid cell lines or available tissues by standard methods(Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). Intronic primers covering sequences ofinterest (such as coding exons) were designed at least 50 bp away fromthe intron/exon boundaries. When a PCR product was over 500 bp, multipleoverlapping primers were designed with an average of 50 bp overlap.Primers were designed with the help of an Oligo analyzer (IDT, IA) andExonPrimer software (Institute of Human Genetics, Germany). Fortynanograms of genomic DNA were used for PCR amplification with highfidelity TaKaRa LA Taq™ (Takara, Japan). The amplification protocolconsisted of the following steps: incubation at 95° C. for 1 min, 32cycles of 95° C. (30 s), 58° C. (30 s) and 72° C. (1 min) and a final 5min extension at 72° C. Unconsumed dNTPs and primers were digested withExonuclease I and Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase (ExoSAP-IT, USB, Ohio).When non-specific PCR amplification occurred, the PCR products wereseparated by 1.5% agarose gel and the specific PCR product was cut outfrom the gel and purified using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGENScience, Maryland). For sequencing of a PCR product, fluorescent dyelabeled single strand DNA was amplified with Beckman Coulter sequencingreagents (GenomeLab DTCS Quick Start Kit) followed by single passbi-directional sequencing with CEQ™ 8000 Genetic Analysis System(Beckman Coulter, Calif.) (Northwestern University) or using dyetermination chemistry with 3730x1 sequencer (Applied Biosystems, FosterCity, Calif.) (Mayo Clinic).

Expression Vectors.

A full length human cDNA clone (IMAGE: 40125977) was used as a template.Two primers anchored with an XhoI (TRPV4-TP1) and BamHI (TRPV4-TP2) wereused to amplify the full length coding sequence. The amplified fragmentwas cloned into plasmid vector pBluescript M13. The TRPV4 sequence wasverified by direct sequencing. The R316C mutation was introduced intothe plasmid vector by site-directed mutagenesis using a primercontaining R316C mutation (TRPV3-R316C) and R269H was introduced using aprimer containing R269H mutation (TRPV4-R269H). The XhoI/BamHI fragmentcontaining wild-type TRPV4, TRPV4^(R316c) or TRPV4^(R269H) was releasedfrom the pBluescript M13 vector and cloned into the XhoI and BamHI sitesof a dual expression vector pIRES2-ZsGreen1 (Clontech, Mountain View,Calif.).

Expression of Wild-Type and Mutant TRPV4.

Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) were grown on collagen-coatedglass coverslips in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10%(v/v) human serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 2 U/ml penicillin, and 2 mg/mlstreptomycin at 37° C. in a humidity-controlled incubator with 5% CO₂.The cells were transiently transfected with expression vectors,wild-type TRPV4, TRPV4^(R316c) or TRPV4^(R269H) using Lipofectamine 2000(Invitrogen).

Confocal Microscopy.

HEK293 cells were seeded on collagen-coated coverslides 24 hours priorto transfection. Twenty-four hours after transfection, the cells werefixed with 3% paraformaldehyde and 0.02% glutaldehyde for 15 minutes.Ice-cold methanol was used to permeablize cells. Rabbit anti-TRPV4antibody (1:50, Chemicon, Temecula, Calif.) and mouse anti-cadherin(1:200, Abcam, Cambridge, Mass.) were used as primary antibodies. AlexaFluor 555 goat anti-mouse (1:500, Invitrogen) and Alex 633 goatanti-rabbit (1:250, Invitrogen) were used as secondary antibodies.Digital images were captured and analyzed with Carl Zeiss LSM 510 METAlaser scanning confocal microscopes.

Calcium Imaging and Intracellular Ca²⁺ Measurements.

Intracellular free calcium concentration was measured using digitalvideo microfluorimetry. Twenty-four hours after transfection, cells wererinsed briefly with HEPES buffer (120 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 1.6 mM MgCl₂,1.8 mM CaCl₂, 11 mM glucose, and 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.2), and loaded with 4μM fura-2 AM (Molecular Probes) in HEPES buffer for 30 min at roomtemperature. Cultures were then rinsed and kept in the dark in HEPESbuffer at room temperature for an additional 30 min to allow forcomplete dye de-esterification. The coverslips were then mounted on thestage of a Nikon Diaphot inverted epifluorescence microscope equippedfor digital fluorescence microscopy. After excitation at 340 nm(Ca²⁺-bound) and 380 nm (Ca²⁺-free) fluorescence was digitally monitoredat 520 nm. F₃₄₀/F₃₈₀ ratios were collected before and during treatmentwith 10 μM arachidonic acid, 2 μM 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate(4αPDD), or 200 mOsm hypotonic saline (HTS) using MetaFluor software(Universal Imaging Corporation). For temperature activation, cells wereincubated in HEPES at 14° C., and stimulated with HEPES at 37° C.Ruthenium red (20 μM) was used to block the effects of these stimuli.Measurements were calibrated using the Grynkiewicz equation³¹. Valuesfor R_(min) and R_(max) were determined by applying Ca²⁺-free solutionand high Ca²⁺ containing solution in the presence of 5 μM ionomycin,respectively. The dissociation constant (K_(d)) of 224 nM for fura-2 AMwas used for calculations. Imaging experiments were performed at roomtemperature, unless otherwise stated. Two tailed unpaired Student'st-test (p<0.05) was used for statistical analysis.

Electrophysiology.

Whole cell voltage clamp recordings were performed to HEK293 cellstransiently transfected with wild-type or R269H TRPV4 cDNA. Forexperiments with ruthenium red blockage, cells were incubated withruthenium red (10 μm) after transfection. Similar GFP-fluorescent cellswere selected for experiments. Patch pipettes were pulled from WPI(Sarasota, Fla.) glass (PG10-165) using a horizontal puller (P97,Sutter, Novato, Calif.) and had a resistance of 2 to 3 MΩ when filledwith internal solution consisting of (in mM): CsCl 140, MgCl₂ 2, EGTA10, Na₂ATP 2, NaGTP 0.1, HEPES 10, pH 7.3 adjusted with CsOH. The seriesresistance was 4 to 14 MΩ and was compensated between 65 and 75%. Theextracellular solution consisted of (in mM): NaCl 100, KCl 6, MgCl₂ 2,CaCl₂ 1.5, Glucose 10, HEPES 10, pH 7.38 adjusted with NaOH, ˜315 mOsmadjusted with sucrose. Whole cell currents were recorded using anAxopatch 200B amplifier (Molecular Devices). Cells were held at −30 mVand currents were elicited by slow voltage ramps (from −100 mV to +100mV, 0.6 sec duration), filtered at 5 KHz and sampled at 10 KHz. Drugswere bath-applied at a rate of ˜4 ml/min. The current density wasdetermined by normalizing the current to the cell capacitance measuredin voltage clamp using a −5 mV square pulse from a holding potential of−30 mV. Ruthenium red was prepared in a 20 mM stock solution (in water)and stored at 2-4° C. Working solutions were prepared freshly daily andwere bath applied. After drug application the dish was discarded even ifcomplete wash-out of the drug was obtained.

The present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism ofaction of TRPV4 and/or mutant forms thereof, and an understanding of themechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention.Although the invention has been described in connection with specificpreferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention asclaimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments.Various modification and variation of the described methods andcompositions of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in theart without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying outthe invention understood by those skilled in the relevant fields areintended to be within the scope of the following claims. Allpublications and patents mentioned in the present application and/orlisted below are herein incorporated by reference.

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We claim:
 1. An in vitro method of detecting a mutation in a TRPV4nucleic acid in a biological sample comprising: (a) obtaining abiological sample from a subject; (b) contacting a TRPV4 nucleic acidfrom the biological sample with an oligonucleotide comprising a fragmentof a TRPV4 nucleic acid that specifically binds to a TRPV4 nucleic acidencoding a cysteine at position 316 of the TRPV4 protein and which doesnot bind to a TRPV4 nucleic acid encoding an arginine at position 316 ofthe TRPV4 protein; or with an oligonucleotide comprising a fragment of aTRPV4 nucleic acid that specifically binds to a TRPV4 nucleic acidencoding a histidine at position 269 of the TRPV4 protein and which doesnot bind to a TRPV4 nucleic acid encoding an arginine at position 269 ofthe TRPV4 protein; and (c) detecting hybridization of the TRPV4 nucleicacid from the biological sample with the oligonucleotide, whereinhybridization is indicative of a mutation in a TRPV4 nucleic acid in thebiological sample, and wherein the mutation encodes for a TRPV4-R269H orTRPV4-R316C mutation.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the methodfurther comprises amplifying the TRPV4 nucleic acid with a pair ofprimers configured to amplify all or a portion of the TRPV4 nucleic acidthat encodes amino acids 269 and 316 of the TRPV4 protein.